Why is a severe heatwave striking Western Europe? Causes and impacts

## Introduction Western Europe is currently experiencing a severe heatwave that has become one of the most searched topics globally, particularly in France, the UK, Spain, and Switzerland. This phenomenon is causing widespread disruptions, from canceled train trips to school closures and emergency health alerts. But why are these heatwaves becoming more frequent and intense in recent years? And what measures are European governments taking to mitigate their impact? This report explores the root causes of the current heatwave, its health and economic consequences, and the actions taken by authorities to address the crisis.

## Underlying causes of recurring heatwaves in Western Europe

Recent climate studies indicate that heatwaves in Western Europe are becoming more frequent and severe due to climate change, which has led to unprecedented temperature rises. According to the European Environment Agency, the frequency of heatwaves in Europe has tripled since the 1980s. Additionally, rising ocean temperatures, particularly in the Atlantic, play a significant role in intensifying these heatwaves. Warm ocean currents contribute to atmospheric stability over the continent, preventing the breakdown of cold air masses.

Human factors, such as urban expansion and increased vehicle and air travel emissions, also exacerbate heatwaves through the "urban heat island" effect. Major cities like Paris and London are particularly vulnerable due to dense construction and asphalt, which retain heat for extended periods.

## Health and economic impacts of the heatwave

Data shows that heatwaves significantly increase mortality rates, particularly among vulnerable groups such as the elderly and children. According to The Lancet Planetary Health, heatwaves caused over 60,000 deaths in Europe during 2023 and 2024. High temperatures also impact economic productivity, leading to reduced working hours and an increase in heat-related illnesses.

In France, the heatwave has forced the cancellation of dozens of train trips, especially those relying on electric power, due to the risk of melting overhead cables. Authorities have also adjusted or canceled school schedules in some regions, affecting millions of students preparing for the Baccalaureate exams. In the UK, temperature warnings have been issued with predictions of 34°C, leading to orange alerts across most of southern England, including London.

## Government responses to the crisis

European governments are implementing emergency measures in response to the heatwave, including raising alert levels in severely affected areas. In France, two-thirds of departments are under an orange alert, with warnings of temperatures reaching 40°C in the coming days. Authorities have also imposed restrictions on outdoor activities during peak heat hours.

In Switzerland, Basel has been placed under the highest alert level (Level 4), with temperatures expected to reach 37°C. Spain has issued warnings for a severe heatwave covering most of the country, with temperatures predicted to hit 40°C in some eastern regions.

## How can individuals protect themselves during a heatwave?

Experts recommend several preventive measures to safeguard health during heatwaves, including staying hydrated, avoiding direct sunlight during peak hours, wearing light clothing, and refraining from strenuous outdoor activities, particularly for children and the elderly.

## The future of heatwaves in Europe

Climate projections suggest that heatwaves will become more frequent and intense in the coming decades, necessitating long-term mitigation strategies. According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Europe is expected to experience more frequent and intense heatwaves by 2050, with temperatures rising by up to 2°C in some regions.